HPV oral and oropharynx infection dynamics in young population.

The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers, especially those from the head and neck region, has increased. The relatively early age of presentation of HPV-positive head and neck cancer (HNC) indicates that viral infection might be acquired early in life. Persistent HPV infection has been recognized as the main risk factor for cancer development, but most studies have focused on evaluating HPV persistence in the genital region. Thus, in this work, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV in oral cavity and oropharynx in a young population, as well as the possible persistence of the infection after 12 months. Our results indicate that almost half (46.8%) of the analyzed population harbors an HPV infection either in the oral cavity or in the oropharynx. Furthermore, after 1 year of initial identification, half of them eliminated the infection, and only one person (5.26%) exhibited persistence. Interestingly, 50% of the individuals who successfully eliminated the infection acquired a new viral type, indicating that even when the primary infection is effectively eliminated by the immune system, there is a dynamic circulation of HR-HPV types that produce reinfection. This dynamic HPV infection among young individuals could influence the future establishment of cancer in some proportion of the cases.

Why an Open Disclosure Procedure Is and Is not Followed After an Avoidable Adverse Event.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between factors that contribute to healthcare professionals informing and apologizing to a patient after an avoidable adverse event (AAE). METHODS: A secondary study based on the analysis of data collected in a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in Spain was performed. Health professionals from hospitals and primary care completed an online survey. RESULTS: The responses from 1087 front-line healthcare professionals were analyzed. The willingness of the professionals to fully disclose an AAE was greater among those who were backed by their institution (odds ratio [OR] = 72.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 37.5-140.3) and who had experience with that type of communication (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.3-4.5). An apology for the patient was more likely when there was institutional support (OR = 31.3, 95% CI = 14.4-68.2), the professional was not aware of lawsuits (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.2-6.1), and attributed most AAE to human error (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1-4.2). The fear of lawsuits was determined by the lack of support from the center in disclosing AAE (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2.8-10.6) and the belief that being open would result in negative consequences (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.6). CONCLUSIONS: The culture of safety, the experience of blame, and the expectations about the outcome from communicating an AAE to patients affect the frequency of open disclosure. Nurses are more willing than physicians to participate in open disclosure. Health care organizations must act to establish a framework of legal certainty for professionals.

Diálogo con atención plena: integrando mindfulness y narrativas / Dialogue with full attention: integrating mindfulness and narratives

Se desarrolla una propuesta de integración de narrativas y mindfulness basándonos en la naturaleza lingüística del ser humano y su capacidad de apertura al campo de la conciencia. Se describen otros programas psicoterapéuticos en el mundo que han integrado mindfulness. Se aportan datos de investigación a nivel nacional e internacional. Se comparte la experiencia de nuestro grupo al trabajar en la clínica e investigar con esta perspectiva en la sanidad pública española. Se hace hincapié en la importancia de desarrollar programas de formación para los profesionales de la salud mental que sean rigurosos y profundos

A proposal to integrate narratives and mindfulness based on the linguistic nature of human beings and their ability of openness to the consciousness field is made. Other international psychotherapeutic programs that have integrated mindfulness into their practice are described. Research evidence from both national and international studies is provided. In this paper we share our experience working from this perspective both in research and in the clinical practice. The importance of developing rigorous and in-depth training programs for mental health professionals is pointed out

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in Uruguay. Part I

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of bruxism and TMD in two populations in Uruguay: the capital city, Montevideo, and outside Montevideo. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted throughout the country with stratified multistage sampling. Results: The variables selected and analyzed in this first paper were: degree of mouth opening, muscle pain, TMJ clicking, parafunctional wear facets, headache, history of joint noise, feeling of clenching during sleep and self-perception of stress. The following global prevalence rates were found: TMD: 55%, with at least one symptom, it being more prevalent in Montevideo (57%) than outside Montevideo (53%); with at least one sign: 44%, it also being more prevalent in Montevideo (47%) than outside Montevideo (41%). As for active bruxism, regarding the feeling of clenching during sleep, a prevalence of 30.72% was found in Montevideo and 23.19% outside Montevideo, while being or having been a bruxer in the assessment of the parafunctional wear facets had a prevalence of 71.95% in Montevideo and 62.17% outside Montevideo. Conclusions: With this survey, we found a high prevalence of TMD and bruxism in the Uruguayan population and encourage the development of collective prevention and treatment actions.

Early-life socioeconomic status and malocclusion in adolescents and young adults in Uruguay.

This study aims to estimate orthodontic treatment need among 15-24 year-old individuals in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the association of occlusal traits with demographic, clinical and socioeconomic factors, considering a life course approach. A cross-sectional study using data from the First National Oral Health Survey in Uruguay was conducted. A two-stage cluster procedure was used to select a sample of 278 individuals in Montevideo. Household interviews and oral examinations were performed by six dentists. Dental Aesthetic (DAI) and Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth Indices (DMFT) were used to assess orthodontic treatment need and dental caries, respectively. Early life and current socioeconomic factors were obtained from the interview. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the DAI index. Prevalence of definite malocclusion was 20.6%, followed by severe (8.2%) and very severe (7.6%). In the adjusted analysis, individuals with untreated dental caries (OR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.20) and those who reported a lower socioeconomic level at 6 years of age (OR = 5.52; 95%CI: 1.06-28.62) had a higher chance of being a worse case of malocclusion. Current socioeconomic position was not associated with orthodontic treatment need. Individuals aged 22-24 years (OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.05-2.41) had a lower chance than those aged 14-17. This study shows that orthodontic treatment need is relatively high in Uruguayan adolescents and young adults. There is a potential relationship between early life socioeconomic status and the occurrence of malocclusion in adolescents and young adults under a life course approach.

Early-life socioeconomic status and malocclusion in adolescents and young adults in Uruguay / Estatus socioeconómico durante la primera infancia y maloclusión en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes en Uruguay / Nível socioeconômico na primeira infância e oclusopatia em adolescentes e adultos jovens no Uruguai

This study aims to estimate orthodontic treatment need among 15-24 year-old individuals in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the association of occlusal traits with demographic, clinical and socioeconomic factors, considering a life course approach. A cross-sectional study using data from the First National Oral Health Survey in Uruguay was conducted. A two-stage cluster procedure was used to select a sample of 278 individuals in Montevideo. Household interviews and oral examinations were performed by six dentists. Dental Aesthetic (DAI) and Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth Indices (DMFT) were used to assess orthodontic treatment need and dental caries, respectively. Early life and current socioeconomic factors were obtained from the interview. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the DAI index. Prevalence of definite malocclusion was 20.6%, followed by severe (8.2%) and very severe (7.6%). In the adjusted analysis, individuals with untreated dental caries (OR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.20) and those who reported a lower socioeconomic level at 6 years of age (OR = 5.52; 95%CI: 1.06-28.62) had a higher chance of being a worse case of malocclusion. Current socioeconomic position was not associated with orthodontic treatment need. Individuals aged 22-24 years (OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.05-2.41) had a lower chance than those aged 14-17. This study shows that orthodontic treatment need is relatively high in Uruguayan adolescents and young adults. There is a potential relationship between early life socioeconomic status and the occurrence of malocclusion in adolescents and young adults under a life course approach

El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el tratamiento de ortodoncia que necesitan jóvenes entre 15 y 24 años en Montevideo, Uruguay, y la asociación de los rasgos oclusores con factores demográficos, clínicos y socioeconómicos, considerando el ciclo vital. Se trata de un estudio transversal que maneja datos de la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud Bucal en Uruguay. Se utilizó un procedimiento de análisis de clúster en dos fases para seleccionar una muestra de 278 personas en Montevideo. Se realizaron entrevistas domiciliarias y exámenes bucales por parte de seis dentistas. Se usaron también datos de índices de cirugías estéticas (DAI) y del número de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (DCPO), con el fin de evaluar el tratamiento necesario ortodóntico y las caries dentales, respectivamente. La primera infancia y la situación socioeconómica actual fueron factores que se obtuvieron de la entrevista. Se usó una regresión logística ordinaria para modelar el índice DAI. La prevalencia de la maloclusión definitiva fue de un 20,6%, seguida por la severa (8,2%) y la muy severa (7,6%). En el análisis ajustado, las personas que no se habían tratado las caries dentales (OR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,03-1,20), y quienes informaron de un nivel socioeconómico bajo a los 6 años de edad (OR = 5,52; IC95%: 1,06-28,62), tenían una mayor probabilidad de sufrir un caso de maloclusión. La posición socioeconómica actual no se asoció con el tratamiento ortodóntico necesitado. Las personas con 22-24 años (OR = 1,59; IC95%: 1,05-2,41) tenían una probabilidad más baja que aquellos con una edad entre 14-17. Este estudio muestra que el tratamiento ortodóntico necesario es relativamente alto en adolescentes uruguayos y adultos jóvenes. Hay una relación potencial entre el estatus socioeconómico en la primera infancia y la ocurrencia de maloclusión en adolescentes y jóvenes adultos desde una perspectiva del ciclo vital.

O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos em Montevideo, Uruguai, e a associação entre características oclusais e fatores demográficos, clínicos e socioeconômicos, com base na trajetória de vida. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, utilizando dados da 1ª Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Oral do Uruguai. Foi utilizado um procedimento de cluster em dois estágios para selecionar uma amostra de 278 indivíduos em Montevideo. Entrevistas domiciliares e exames odontológicos foram realizados por seis odontólogos. O índice de estética dentária (DAI) e o índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (DMFT/CPOD) foram usados para avaliar a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico e de cárie dentária, respectivamente. Foram obtidos dados socioeconômicos da primeira infância e atuais, a partir de entrevistas. Foi utilizada a regressão logística ordinal para modelar o índice de estética dentária. A prevalência de oclusopatia definida era 20,6%, seguida pela forma grave (8,2%) e muito grave (7,6%). Na análise ajustada, indivíduos com cárie dentária não tratada (OR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,03-1,20) e aqueles de nível socioeconômico mais baixo aos 6 anos de idade (OR = 5,52; IC95%: 1,06-28,62) mostravam chances mais altas de apresentar oclusopatia mais grave. O nível socioeconômico atual não mostrou associação com necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico. Os indivíduos na faixa etária de 22-24 anos (OR = 1,59; IC95%: 1,05-2,41) mostraram probabilidade menor de oclusopatia quando comparados com a faixa etária de 14-17 anos. O estudo mostra que a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico é relativamente alta entre adolescentes e adultos jovens uruguaios. De acordo com a abordagem de trajetória de vida, existe uma relação potencial entre nível socioeconômico na primeira infância e oclusopatia em adolescentes e adultos jovens.

Epidemiología de las enfermedades periodontales en el Uruguay. Pasado y presente / Epidemiology of periodontal diseases in Uruguay: past and present

El objetivo del artículo fue realizar una revisión sobre la Enfermedad Periodontal en Uruguay. Fueron consultadas bases de datos internacionales (PUBMED, SCOPUS, EBSCO, SciELO). Paralelamente la búsqueda abarcó fuentes nacionales (Biblioteca Nacional de Odontología, Centro de documentación de la Facultad de Odontología, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas), complementado por búsqueda manual. Los estudios hallados aportaron información epidemiológica útil, además de permitir un repaso histórico sobre conceptos de epidemiología, etio-patogenía y corrientes hegemónicas de la periodoncia. La Enfermedad Gingival representa la patología más prevalente, mientras que los cuadros periodontales destructivos afectan fundamentalmente a los adultos. La edad, el origen geográfico, la clase social y el hábito de fumar son indicadores fuertemente asociados con dichos trastornos. De la lectura pormenorizada de los artículos recopilados se plantean sugerencias a ser consideradas en los próximos relevamientos epidemiológicos.

This article aims to review periodontal disease in Uruguay. International databases (PUBMED, SCOPUS, EBSCO, SciELO) were consulted. The search also included national sources (National Library of Dentistry, Documentation Center of the School of Dentistry, Ministry of Public Health, National Directorate of Health of the Armed Forces) which were searched manually. The studies found provided useful epidemiological information and allowed us to conduct a historical review of epidemiology concepts, etiopathogenesis and hegemonic currents in periodontics. Gingival disease is the most prevalent disease, while destructive periodontal conditions mainly affect adults. Age, geographical origin, social class and smoking are indicators strongly associated with these disorders. From the close reading of the articles collected we can make suggestions to be considered in future epidemiological surveys

Lessons learned for reducing the negative impact of adverse events on patients, health professionals and healthcare organizations.

PURPOSE: To summarize the knowledge about the aftermath of adverse events (AEs) and develop a recommendation set to reduce their negative impact in patients, health professionals and organizations in contexts where there is no previous experiences and apology laws are not present. DATA SOURCES: Review studies published between 2000 and 2015, institutional websites and experts' opinions on patient safety. STUDY SELECTION: Studies published and websites on open disclosure, and the second and third victims' phenomenon. Four Focus Groups participating 27 healthcare professionals. DATA EXTRACTION: Study characteristic and outcome data were abstracted by two authors and reviewed by the research team. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Fourteen publications and 16 websites were reviewed. The recommendations were structured around eight areas: (i) safety and organizational policies, (ii) patient care, (iii) proactive approach to preventing reoccurrence, (iv) supporting the clinician and healthcare team, (v) activation of resources to provide an appropriate response, (vi) informing patients and/or family members, (vii) incidents' analysis and (viii) protecting the reputation of health professionals and the organization. CONCLUSION: Recommendations preventing aftermath of AEs have been identified. These have been designed for the hospital and the primary care settings; to cope with patient's emotions and for tacking the impact of AE in the second victim's colleagues. Its systematic use should help for the establishment of organizational action plans after an AE.

The Second Victim Phenomenon After a Clinical Error: The Design and Evaluation of a Website to Reduce Caregivers' Emotional Responses After a Clinical Error.

BACKGROUND: Adverse events (incidents that harm a patient) can also produce emotional hardship for the professionals involved (second victims). Although a few international pioneering programs exist that aim to facilitate the recovery of the second victim, there are no known initiatives that aim to raise awareness in the professional community about this issue and prevent the situation from worsening. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to design and evaluate an online program directed at frontline hospital and primary care health professionals that raises awareness and provides information about the second victim phenomenon. METHODS: The design of the Mitigating Impact in Second Victims (MISE) online program was based on a literature review, and its contents were selected by a group of 15 experts on patient safety with experience in both clinical and academic settings. The website hosting MISE was subjected to an accreditation process by an external quality agency that specializes in evaluating health websites. The MISE structure and content were evaluated by 26 patient safety managers at hospitals and within primary care in addition to 266 frontline health care professionals who followed the program, taking into account its comprehension, usefulness of the information, and general adequacy. Finally, the amount of knowledge gained from the program was assessed with three objective measures (pre- and posttest design). RESULTS: The website earned Advanced Accreditation for health websites after fulfilling required standards. The comprehension and practical value of the MISE content were positively assessed by 88% (23/26) and 92% (24/26) of patient safety managers, respectively. MISE was positively evaluated by health care professionals, who awarded it 8.8 points out of a maximum 10. Users who finished MISE improved their knowledge on patient safety terminology, prevalence and impact of adverse events and clinical errors, second victim support models, and recommended actions following a severe adverse event (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The MISE program differs from existing intervention initiatives by its preventive nature in relation to the second victim phenomenon. Its online nature makes it an easily accessible tool for the professional community. This program has shown to increase user's knowledge on this issue and it helps them correct their approach. Furthermore, it is one of the first initiatives to attempt to bring the second victim phenomenon closer to primary care.

Qué hacen los hospitales y la atención primaria para mitigar el impacto social de los eventos adversos graves / What are hospitals and primary care doing to mitigate the social impact of serious adverse events

Objetivo: Explorar qué se está haciendo en atención primaria y en los hospitales para mitigar el impacto social de los eventos adversos graves. Método: Encuesta a 195 directivos de hospitales (n=113) y de atención primaria (n=82) de ocho comunidades autónomas. Se exploró el grado de implantación de cinco intervenciones recomendadas tras un evento adverso para proteger la reputación de las instituciones sanitarias. Resultados: La mayoría de las instituciones (70, el 45,2% de atención primaria, y 85, el 54,8% de hospitales) no tenían un plan de crisis para salvaguardar su reputación tras un evento adverso. En atención primaria realizaban un mejor tratamiento de la comunicación interna (p=0,0001) y externa (p=0,012) que en los hospitales. En pocos casos se había definido el papel de la dirección tras un evento adverso (el 10,7% de los hospitales y el 6,25% de atención primaria). Conclusiones La mayoría de las instituciones sanitarias no cuentan con planes para afrontar el impacto social de los eventos adversos con consecuencias graves que generan desconfianza y pérdida de reputación (AU)

Objective: To explore what hospitals and primary care (PC) are doing to reduce the negative social impact of a serious adverse event (AE). Methods: We surveyed 195 hospital (n=113) and PC (n=82) managers from eight autonomous communities to explore the level of implementation of five interventions recommended after an AE to protect the reputation of healthcare institutions. Results: Most institutions (70, 45.2% PC, and 85, 54.8% hospitals) did not have a crisis plan to protect their reputation after an AE. Internal (p=0.0001) and external (p=0.012) communications were addressed better in PC than in hospitals. Very few institutions had defined the managers’ role in case of an AE (10.7% hospitals versus 6.25% PC). Conclusion: A majority of healthcare institutions have not planned crisis intervention after an AE with severe consequences nor have they defined plans to recover citizens’ trust after an AE (AU)

[What are hospitals and primary care doing to mitigate the social impact of serious adverse events]. / Qué hacen los hospitales y la atención primaria para mitigar el impacto social de los eventos adversos graves.

OBJECTIVE: To explore what hospitals and primary care (PC) are doing to reduce the negative social impact of a serious adverse event (AE). METHODS: We surveyed 195 hospital (n=113) and PC (n=82) managers from eight autonomous communities to explore the level of implementation of five interventions recommended after an AE to protect the reputation of healthcare institutions. RESULTS: Most institutions (70, 45.2% PC, and 85, 54.8% hospitals) did not have a crisis plan to protect their reputation after an AE. Internal (p=0.0001) and external (p=0.012) communications were addressed better in PC than in hospitals. Very few institutions had defined the managers' role in case of an AE (10.7% hospitals versus 6.25% PC). CONCLUSION: A majority of healthcare institutions have not planned crisis intervention after an AE with severe consequences nor have they defined plans to recover citizens' trust after an AE.

Measures to Assure that Ebola Guidelines Are Correctly Applied.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assure the application, in our primary care health district, of the World Health Organisation and Spanish Ebola virus disease (EVD) guidelines, and to identify and resolve gaps, in order to protect professionals from the risks associated with attending to patients with Ebola. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A checklist was drawn up and an audit procedure of the structural, functional and operational conditions was designed for managing a self-presenting patient suspected with EVD in general practice. This audit was applied twice (before and after assessment) in 9 health centres of a health district in Spain. The checklist was structured according to 9 categories (51 elements in total). This tool was designed to avoid errors in the management of EVD patients that are considered very serious in view of their potential consequences. RESULTS: Of the 51 elements on the checklist, 7-26 (14-51%) required direct intervention to rectify deficits in the first audit. The following elements requiring improvement were identified: the incorporation of memory aids to ensure the correct application of the EVD protocol, defining what information should be provided to the patient and (where applicable) anyone accompanying them as well as incorporating advice on how to deal with any individuals with whom they might have come into contact. A second audit assured the adequacy of the proposed solutions. CONCLUSION: In this study, the tool achieved the successful application of EVD protocol, assuring that primary care centres were able to handle an Ebola suspect patient safely.

Tooth loss and associated factors in elders: results from a national survey in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the prevalence and severity of tooth loss in Uruguayan elders, assessing its association with demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors; the use of health services; and self-reported dental treatment need. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was done among Uruguayan individuals of ages 65-74 years. Data were collected through questionnaires and clinical examinations. The dependent variable, tooth loss, was classified into three distinct outcomes: functional dentition (≥20 teeth), severe tooth loss (<9 teeth), and edentulism. The independent variables were: sex, socioeconomic status, use of health services, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, frequent consumption of alcohol, hygiene habits, and need for dental care. RESULTS: The sample comprised 341 individuals, and the mean number of teeth present was 9.73 (95% confidence interval, 8.77-10.69) for each individual. After multivariate analysis, lack of a functional dentition, severe tooth loss, and edentulism were found to be associated with lower socioeconomic level, frequent consumption of alcohol, and receiving treatment from the public health system (P < 0.05). Individuals with self-reported dental treatment need had more severe tooth loss and presented a higher degree of edentulism (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high and severe prevalence of tooth loss in elderly Uruguayans, especially among those from lower socioeconomic levels. Our findings highlight the importance of public health policies to prevent and treat tooth loss.

A Spanish-language patient safety questionnaire to measure medical and nursing students' attitudes and knowledge.

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire for assessing attitudes and knowledge about patient safety using a sample of medical and nursing students undergoing clinical training in Spain and four countries in Latin America. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a literature review was carried out and total of 786 medical and nursing students were surveyed at eight universities from five countries (Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Spain) to develop and refine a Spanish-language questionnaire on knowledge and attitudes about patient safety. The scope of the questionnaire was based on five dimensions (factors) presented in studies related to patient safety culture found in PubMed and Scopus. Based on the five factors, 25 reactive items were developed. Composite reliability indexes and Cronbach's alpha statistics were estimated for each factor, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess validity. After a pilot test, the questionnaire was refined using confirmatory models, maximum-likelihood estimation, and the variance-covariance matrix (as input). Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm external validity, considering variables related to patient safety culture as dependent variables and the five factors as independent variables. RESULTS: The final instrument was a structured five-point Likert self-administered survey (the "Latino Student Patient Safety Questionnaire") consisting of 21 items grouped into five factors. Compound reliability indexes (Cronbach's alpha statistic) calculated for the five factors were about 0.7 or higher. The results of the multiple linear regression analyses indicated good model fit (goodness-of-fit index: 0.9). Item-total correlations were higher than 0.3 in all cases. The convergent-discriminant validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire designed and validated in this study assesses nursing and medical students' attitudes and knowledge about patient safety. This instrument could be used to indirectly evaluate whether or not students in health disciplines are acquiring and thus likely to put into practice the professional skills currently considered most appropriate for patient safety.

Periodontal conditions and associated factors among adults and the elderly: findings from the first National Oral Health Survey in Uruguay / Enfermedad periodontal y factores asociados en la población adulta y adulta mayor: primer Relevamiento Nacional de Salud Bucalen Uruguay / A doença periodontal e fatores associados entre adultos e idosos: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal no Uruguai

Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of periodontal conditions in the Uruguayan adult and elderly population and its association with socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics. Data from adults (35-44, n = 358) and elderly (65-74, n = 411) who participated in the first National Oral Health Survey, Uruguay, 2011, were used. The survey included a household questionnaire addressing socioeconomic characteristics, and tobacco use. Bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pockets (CPI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were measured by clinical examination. A multivariable analysis was carried out. Considering both age groups, the prevalence of mild/severe periodontal disease was 21.8% and 9.12% for severe periodontal disease. Adjusted analyses revealed an association between high education and all outcomes. Attendance at dental services was negatively associated with BOP and mild to severe periodontitis. Periodontal outcomes were higher in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups. Tobacco consumption has a strong association with periodontal disease in the elderly.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal en la población adulta y anciana uruguaya y su asociación con factores comportamentales y socioeconómicos. Se utilizaron datos de adultos (35-44, n = 358) y ancianos (65-74, n = 411) participantes en el primer Relevamiento Nacional de Salud Bucal en Uruguay. El relevamiento incluyó un cuestionario sobre factores de riesgo, incluyendo tabaco. Sangrado al sondaje bolsa periodontal (IPC) y pérdida de inserción (PIP) fueron valorados mediante examen clínico. Considerando las dos edades, la prevalencia de enfermedad moderada/severa fue de 21,8% y 9,12% para severa. En el análisis multivariado, se observó asociación entre nivel universitario de educación y todas las variables de respuesta. La asistencia odontológica estuvo negativamente asociada con la enfermedad periodontal moderada a severa. La prevalencia fue mayor en el grupo con menor nivel socioeconómico. En los ancianos, el hábito de fumar estuvo fuertemente asociado con la enfermedad periodontal.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência da doença periodontal em adultos e idosos uruguaios e sua associação com fatores comportamentais e socioeconômicos. Foram utilizados dados de adultos (35-44, n = 358) e de idosos (65-74, n = 411) participantes da primeira Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal, no Uruguai, em 2011. A pesquisa incluiu um questionário sobre fatores de risco, incluindo fumo. Sangramento ao sandagem bolsa periodontal (IPC) e perda de inserção (PIP) foram avaliados por meio de exame clínico. Considerando-se as duas idades, a prevalência da doença moderada/grave foi de 21,8% e 9,12%. Na análise multivariada, foi observada associação entre a educação de nível universitário e todas as variáveis de resposta. O atendimento odontológico foi negativamente associado com a doença periodontal moderada e grave. A prevalência foi maior no grupo com menor nível socioeconômico. Dentre os idosos, o tabagismo foi fortemente associado à doença periodontal.

Algo no estamos haciendo bien cuando informamos a los/las pacientes tras un evento adverso / Something is wrong in the way we inform patients of an adverse event

Objetivo: Analizar qué hacen hospitales y atención primaria para asegurar una información franca a los/las pacientes tras un evento adverso (EA). Método: Encuesta a 633 directivos/as y responsables de seguridad (colectivo de dirección) y 1340 profesionales de ocho comunidades autónomas. Se exploró el nivel de implantación de recomendaciones para una correcta información tras un EA. Resultados:112 (27,9%) directivos/as y 386 (35,9%) profesionales consideraron que en su centro se informaba correctamente tras un EA; 30 (7,4%) directivos/as afirmaron disponer en su centro de un protocolo sobre cómo informar; sólo 92 (17,4%) médicos/as y 93 (19,1%) enfermeros/as habían recibido entrenamiento para informar a un/a paciente tras un EA. Conclusiones: Existen importantes carencias a la hora de planificar, organizar y asegurar que el/la paciente que sufre un EA reciba una disculpa e información franca de lo sucedido y de lo que puede pasar a partir de ese momento (AU)

Objective: To analyze which actions are carried out in hospitals and primary care to ensure open disclosure to the patient after an adverse event (AE). Methods: We surveyed 633 managers and patient safety coordinates (staff) and 1340 physicians and nurses from eight autonomous communities. The level of implementation of open disclosure recommendations was explored. Results: A total of 112 (27.9%) staff and 386 (35.9%) professionals considered that patients were correctly informed after an EA; 30 (7.4%) staff claimed to have a guideline on how to report EA; only 92 medical professionals (17.4%) and 93 nurses (19.1%) had received training on open disclosure. Conclusions: There are gaps in the way of planning, organizing and ensuring that patients who suffer an AE will receive an apology with honest information about what has happened and what could subsequently happen (AU)

Dental caries in Uruguayan adults and elders: findings from the first Uruguayan National Oral Health Survey.

This study aimed to assess dental caries status and associated factors in Uruguayan adults and elders using data from the first Uruguayan National Oral Health Survey. Data were representative of the country as a whole. Socio-demographic information was collected with a closed questionnaire. Dental caries was assessed by clinical examination using the DMFT index. The final sample consisted of 769 participants. Mean DMFT was 15.20 and 24.12 for the 35-44 and 65-74-year age groups, respectively. Mean number of decayed teeth was 1.70 in adults and 0.66 in elders. Multivariate analyses showed higher prevalence of dental caries associated with age 65-74 years, low socioeconomic status, use of public dental services, presence of gingivitis; for decayed teeth, age 35-44 years, low socioeconomic status, use of public dental services, infrequent tooth brushing, need for oral health care, and presence of root caries showed higher severity. Uruguayan adults and elders from disadvantaged backgrounds concentrated a heavier burden of dental caries.

Interventions in health organisations to reduce the impact of adverse events in second and third victims.

BACKGROUND: Adverse events (AE) are also the cause of suffering in health professionals involved. This study was designed to identify and analyse organization-level strategies adopted in both primary care and hospitals in Spain to address the impact of serious AE on second and third victims. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthcare organizations assessing: safety culture; health organization crisis management plans for serious AE; actions planned to ensure transparency in communication with patients (and relatives) who experience an AE; support for second victims; and protective measures to safeguard the institution's reputation (the third victim). RESULTS: A total of 406 managers and patient safety coordinators replied to the survey. Deficient provision of support for second victims was acknowledged by 71 and 61% of the participants from hospitals and primary care respectively; these respondents reported there was no support protocol for second victims in place in their organizations. Regarding third victim initiatives, 35% of hospital and 43% of primary care professionals indicated no crisis management plan for serious AE existed in their organization, and in the case of primary care, there was no crisis committee in 34% of cases. The degree of implementation of second and third victim support interventions was perceived to be greater in hospitals (mean 14.1, SD 3.5) than in primary care (mean 11.8, SD 3.1) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many Spanish health organizations do not have a second and third victim support or a crisis management plan in place to respond to serious AEs.

A Spanish-language patient safety questionnaire to measure medical and nursing students' attitudes and knowledge / Un cuestionario en espanol sobre seguridad del paciente para medir las actitudes y los conocimientos de los estudiantes de medicina y enfermería

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a questionnaire for assessing attitudes and knowledge about patient safety using a sample of medical and nursing students undergoing clinical training in Spain and four countries in Latin America. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a literature review was carried out and total of 786 medical and nursing students were surveyed at eight universities from five countries (Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Spain) to develop and refine a Spanish-language questionnaire on knowledge and attitudes about patient safety. The scope of the questionnaire was based on five dimensions (factors) presented in studies related to patient safety culture found in PubMed and Scopus. Based on the five factors, 25 reactive items were developed. Composite reliability indexes and Cronbach's alpha statistics were estimatedfor each factor, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess validity. After a pilot test, the questionnaire was refined using confirmatory models, maximum-likelihood estimation, and the variance-covariance matrix (as input). Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm external validity, considering variables related to patient safety culture as dependent variables and the five factors as independent variables. RESULTS: The final instrument was a structured five-point Likert self-administered survey (the "Latino Student Patient Safety Questionnaire") consisting of 21 items grouped into five factors. Compound reliability indexes (Cronbach's alpha statistic) calculated for the five factors were about 0.7 or higher. The results of the multiple linear regression analyses indicated good model fit (goodness-of-fit index: 0.9). Item-total correlations were higher than 0.3 in all cases. The convergent-discriminant validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire designed and validated in this study assesses nursing and medical students' attitudes and knowledge about patient safety. This instrument could be used to indirectly evaluate whether or not students in health disciplines are acquiring and thus likely to put into practice the professional skills currently considered most appropriate for patient safety.

OBJETIVO: Diseñar y validar un cuestionario de evaluación de las actitudes y los conocimientos en materia de seguridad del paciente con una muestra de estudiantes de medicina y enfermería que reciben formación médica en Espana y en cuatro países de América Latina. MÉTODOS: En este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica y se encuestó a un total de 786 estudiantes de medicina y enfermería de ocho universidades de cinco países (Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Espana y Guatemala) con objeto de elaborar y corregir un cuestionario en espanol sobre conocimientos y actitudes en materia de seguridad del paciente. El ámbito del cuestionario se basó en cinco dimensiones (factores) presentadas en estudios relacionados con la cultura de la seguridad del paciente encontrados en PubMed y Scopus. Con base en los cinco factores, se elaboraron 25 ítems reactivos. Se calcularon los índices de fiabilidad compuesta y alfa de Cronbach para cada factor, y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio para evaluar la validez. Tras una prueba piloto se corrigió el cuestionario mediante modelos confirmatorios, el cálculo de la máxima probabilidad y la matriz de variancia-covariancia (como insumo). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para confirmar la validez externa, considerando las variables relacionadas con la cultura de seguridad del paciente como variables dependientes y los cinco factores como variables independientes. RESULTADOS: El instrumento final fue una encuesta autoadministrada mediante escala de Likert estructurada en cinco puntos ("Cuestionario de Seguridad del Paciente para Estudiantes Latinos"), que consta de 21 ítems agrupados en cinco factores. Los índices de fiabilidad compuesta (prueba estadística de alfa de Cronbach) calculados para los cinco factores fueron aproximadamente de 0,7 o superiores. Los resultados de los análisis de regresión lineal múltiple indicaron un buen ajuste del modelo (índice de bondad de ajuste: 0,9). Las correlaciones ítem-total fueron superiores a 0,3 en todos los casos. La validez convergente y discriminatoria fue adecuada. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario disenado y validado en este estudio evalúa las actitudes y los conocimientos de los estudiantes de enfermería y medicina en materia de seguridad del paciente. Este instrumento podría utilizarse para evaluar indirectamente si los estudiantes de disciplinas de la salud están adquiriendo, y por lo tanto, es probable que pongan en práctica, las habilidades profesionales consideradas actualmente como más apropiadas para la seguridad del paciente.